Otu Cyano nwere polarity siri ike na nnabata elektrọn, yabụ ọ nwere ike banye n'ime protein ebumnuche iji mepụta njikọ hydrogen na ihe fọdụrụnụ amino acid dị na saịtị ahụ. N'otu oge ahụ, cyano otu bụ bioelectronic isosteric ahụ nke carbonyl, halogen na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche, nke nwere ike welie mmekọrịta dị n'etiti obere ọgwụ ụmụ irighiri na-edozi protein, ya mere a na-eji ya ọtụtụ ebe na nhazi mgbanwe nke ọgwụ na pesticides [1] . Cyano onye nnọchite anya nwere ọgwụ ahụike gụnyere saxagliptin (Figure 1), verapamil, febuxostat, wdg; Ọgwụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo gụnyere bromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil na ndị ọzọ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ogige cyano nwekwara uru ngwa dị mkpa n'ọhịa nke isi ísì, ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Citronitrile bụ isi nitrile ọhụrụ nke mba ụwa, yana 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ịkwadebe ihe kristal mmiri. Enwere ike ịhụ na a na-eji ogige cyano eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihi ihe ha pụrụ iche [2].

Otu Cyano nwere polarity siri ike na nnabata elektrọn, yabụ ọ nwere ike banye n'ime protein ebumnuche iji mepụta njikọ hydrogen na ihe fọdụrụnụ amino acid dị na saịtị ahụ. N'otu oge ahụ, cyano otu bụ bioelectronic isosteric ahụ nke carbonyl, halogen na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche, nke nwere ike welie mmekọrịta dị n'etiti obere ọgwụ ụmụ irighiri na-edozi protein, ya mere a na-eji ya ọtụtụ ebe na nhazi mgbanwe nke ọgwụ na pesticides [1] . Cyano onye nnọchite anya nwere ọgwụ ahụike gụnyere saxagliptin (Figure 1), verapamil, febuxostat, wdg; Ọgwụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo gụnyere bromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil na ndị ọzọ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ogige cyano nwekwara uru ngwa dị mkpa n'ọhịa nke isi ísì, ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Citronitrile bụ isi nitrile ọhụrụ nke mba ụwa, yana 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ịkwadebe ihe kristal mmiri. Enwere ike ịhụ na a na-eji ogige cyano eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihi ihe ha pụrụ iche [2].

2.2 electrophilic cyanidation mmeghachi omume nke enol boride

Ndị otu Kensuke Kiyokawa [4] jiri cyanide reagents n-cyano-n-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (NCTS) na p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide (tscn) iji nweta cyanidation electrophilic dị elu nke ogige enol boron (Nyocha 3). Site na atụmatụ ọhụrụ a, β-Acetonitrile dị iche iche, ma nwee ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche.

2.3 organic catalytic stereoselective silico cyanide mmeghachi omume nke ketones

Na nso nso a, Benjamin ndepụta otu [5] kọrọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Nature nke enantiomeric iche nke 2-butanone (Figure 4a) na asymmetric cyanide mmeghachi omume nke 2-butanone na enzymes, organic catalysts na mgbanwe metal catalysts, na-eji HCN ma ọ bụ tmscn dị ka cyanide reagent. (Foto nke 4b). Site na tmscn dị ka cyanide reagent, 2-butanone na ọtụtụ ketones ndị ọzọ ka edobere mmeghachi omume silyl cyanide nke ukwuu n'okpuru ọnọdụ catalytic nke idpi (Nyocha 4C).

Ọgụgụ 4 A, enantiomeric iche nke 2-butanone. b. Cyanidation asymmetric nke 2-butanone nwere enzymes, ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme mgbanwe metal.

c. Idpi na-akwalite mmeghachi omume silyl cyanide nke ukwuu na-enye ike nke 2-butanone yana ọtụtụ ketones ndị ọzọ.

2.4 cyanidation nke aldehydes na-ebelata

Na njikọ nke ngwaahịa eke, a na-eji tosmic akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ka cyanide reagent na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa aldehydes na-egbochi ya ka ọ bụrụ nitriles. A na-ejikwa usoro a iji webata atom carbon ọzọ n'ime aldehydes na ketones. Usoro a nwere uru bara uru na Enantiospecific ngụkọta njikọ nke jiadifenolide na bụ isi nzọụkwụ na njikọ nke eke ngwaahịa, dị ka njikọ nke eke ngwaahịa dị ka clerodane, caribenol A na caribenol B [6] (Figure 5).

2.5 electrochemical cyanide mmeghachi omume nke organic amine

Dị ka a akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ njikọ technology, organic electrochemical njikọ e ọtụtụ ebe na ubi dị iche iche nke organic njikọ. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta etinyewo uche na ya. PrashanthW. Ndị otu Menezes [7] kọrọ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na amine aromatic ma ọ bụ aliphatic amine nwere ike oxidized ozugbo na ogige cyano kwekọrọ na ngwọta 1m KOH (na-agbakwunyeghị cyanide reagent) na-enwe ike mgbe niile nke 1.49vrhe na-eji Ni2Si catalyst dị ọnụ ala, na-enwe nnukwu mkpụrụ (Njirimara 6) .

03 nchịkọta

Cyanidation bụ mmeghachi omume njikọ organic dị oke mkpa. Malite n'echiche nke kemịkalụ ndụ ndụ, a na-eji cyanide reagents enyi na enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi dochie ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na cyanide reagents na-emerụ ahụ, na ụzọ ọhụrụ dị ka ihe mgbaze na-enweghị ihe mgbaze, na-abụghị catalytic na microwave irradiation na-eji n'ihu gbasaa ohere na omimi nke nyocha, ya mere. dị ka iwepụta nnukwu uru akụ na ụba, ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ [8]. Site na ọganihu na-aga n'ihu nke nyocha sayensị, mmeghachi omume cyanide ga-etolite n'ebe dị elu, akụ na ụba na kemistri akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.