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Ndewo, onye a bụ onyeisi ụlọ ọrụ Athena nke ụlọ ọrụ Mit-ivy maka kemịkalụ na China.
Ndị Na-eme Ngwa Ngwa: Ndị Na-eme Ngwa Ngwa bụ akụkụ dị oke mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ dị mma, mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ụlọ ọrụ agba agba na-adaberekwa na mmepe nke ndị na-eme ngwa ngwa nke na-eso ya.
Mmepụta agba na ihe ndị na-eme ka agba dị na China etoola nke ukwuu kemgbe afọ 1950. Ka asọmpi siri ike n'ahịa na-arị elu, a na-emepụta agba na ihe ndị na-eme ka agba dị na pigment n'ime teknụzụ mmepụta; ha emeela ihe ọhụrụ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ dịka ịmepụta ụdị ọhụrụ, imeziwanye usoro mmepụta, inyocha ụzọ ọhụrụ, ojiji ọhụrụ nke ụdị ochie, ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi, wdg, na ịnakwere teknụzụ dị ọcha maka mmepụta nke agba na ihe ndị na-eme ka agba dị na pigment.
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Mmepe nke ojiji nke ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti ndị mmadụ

N'eziokwu, ojiji nke mmepe etiti nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ, otu etiti a na-eji na agba a na-akpọ dye intermediates, a na-ejikwa ya na ọgwụ nje, ọgwụ na a na-akpọ pesticides, ọgwụ intermediates. A ga-ewere intermediates dị ka alaka nke ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ dị mma n'ozuzu ya, ekwesighi ikewa ya nke ọma n'ime dyestuff intermediates, ọgwụ pesticides, ọgwụ intermediates site na ụlọ ọrụ, nke ga-ebelata oke ojiji nke ụfọdụ intermediates ma metụta mmepe ha.

Nnyocha dị mma nke ihe ndị dị n'etiti kemịkalụ dị iche iche na-egosi ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, na mgbakwunye na ụdị mmepụta ole na ole buru ibu karịsịa, ọtụtụ ụdị tonnage adịghị oke ibu, mana usoro nkwadebe na-adịkarị mgbagwoju anya, gụnyere ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume nkeji na usoro nkewa, mmepụta mekwara ka ọtụtụ "ihe mkpofu atọ" dị mkpa ka a na-ejikwa nke ọma. Ya mere, anyị kwesịrị itinye aka na nyocha usoro nke ngwaahịa usoro ma hazie mmepụta nke ihe ndị dị n'etiti iji nweta uru dị mma.

Site n'ọnọdụ mba ofesi, nnyocha na mmepụta nke ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti na-abụkarị ihe a na-etinye n'ọrụ nke ọma iji nweta mmepụta usoro, otu ngwa mmepụta nwere ike imepụta ọtụtụ ruo iri na abụọ ụdị ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti, nyocha na mmepụta dị otú ahụ site na mmepe zuru oke, iji teknụzụ ọhụrụ eme ihe dị mfe imezu, ga-enweta ihe nsonaazụ ya okpukpu abụọ site na ọkara mgbalị. Ọnọdụ Japan nwere ike ịbụ maka ntụaka anyị, mmepụta mbụ nke ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti na Japan gbasaara nke ukwuu, site na afọ 1960 abụrụla ugboro asaa iji gbanwee, lekwasị anya.

Site na mgbanwe na mmepe, ụlọ ọrụ agba na agba nke China erutela ọkwa dị elu n'ihe gbasara mmepụta, teknụzụ na ọkwa akụrụngwa, nke na-enweghị ike igbo mkpa nke mmepe nke agba na agba n'ime ụlọ ọrụ, kamakwa inye ndị mba ọzọ ihe mgbakwunye dị mma.

Ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị dị mkpa maka mmepụta ihe ndị dị n'etiti ihe na-esi na ngwaahịa mmanụ ala na coking pụta bụ ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị a, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone compounds, nakwa ụfọdụ heterocyclic compounds, na agba ndị e ji ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị a na-amụbawanye n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Na mgbakwunye, phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl usoro ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị a, ihe ndị a dị mgbagwoju anya e ji emepụta ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ, mgbe ahụ, iji ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị a na-emepụta ihe ga-adịkwu ebe niile ma bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.
2
Mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ kachasị eji eme ihe maka ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti

Nhazi nke ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe n'ime agba (agba) nke mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ ndị a.
(1) mmeghachi omume sulfonation
(2) Mmeghachi omume Nitration
(3) mmeghachi omume halogenation
(4) Mbelata mmeghachi omume iji kwadebe amino
(5) Mmeghachi omume nke diazotization (na-esokarị mmeghachi omume njikọ)
(6) mmeghachi omume nke ngwakọta alkali iji dochie otu sulfonic acid ka ọ bụrụ hydroxyl
(7) Mmeghachi omume Acyliation
(8) Mmeghachi omume oxidation
(9) mmeghasị na mmeghachi omume carbonation
(10) Mmeghachi omume na-esi ísì ụtọ (karịsịa amino)
(11) mmeghachi omume nnọchi anya nke otu hydroxyl na amino
(12) mmeghachi omume hydroxyl ma ọ bụ amino hydrocarbonation
Dịka nhazi nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ya bụ sistemụ aliphatic, usoro benzene, usoro naphthalene, usoro anthraquinone, usoro heterocyclic na usoro mgbanaka dị arọ. Mba anyị nwere ike ịmepụta ihe karịrị ụdị ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị ka benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic na ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka agba na agba dị n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ, nke nwere ike imezu mkpa mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ agba na agba.
Foto
3
Ụdị dị iche iche nke sistemụ benzene

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxy-diethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o- na p-aminoanisole, DSD N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxyaniline, 2-4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N, N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- na para-esters, wdg.
4
Ụdị isi ihe dị iche iche nke dabere na Naphthalene

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, tartaric acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4-acid oxygenate, J-acid, peri-acid, γ-acid, G-nnu, R-nnu, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, wdg. Ụdị isi nke anthraquinone-mediates bụ: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, wdg.
5
Ụdị isi dị iche iche nke nwere mgbidi dị arọ na nke dị heterocyclic

Melamine, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-amino thiazole, dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, tetracarboxylic anhydride, wdg.