Ihe eji esiji acid, ihe eji esiji eme ihe na ihe eji esiji eme ihe bụ ihe eji esiji mmiri soluble. Ihe a rụpụtara na 2001 bụ tọn 30,000, tọn 20,000 na tọn 45,000 n'otu n'otu. Otú ọ dị, ruo ogologo oge, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe nke mba m na-etinyekwu uche na mmepe na nyocha nke ihe eji eme ihe ọhụrụ, ebe nchọpụta na nhazi nhazi nke agba adịghị ike. A na-ejikarị standardization reagents maka agba mmiri soluble gụnyere sodium sulfate (sodium sulfate), dextrin, starch derivatives, sucrose, urea, naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, wdg Ndị a standardization reagents na-agwakọta na mbụ agba n'ike-n'ike iji nweta ike chọrọ Commodities. ma ha enweghị ike izute mkpa nke dị iche iche na-ebi akwụkwọ na-edining usoro na-ebi akwụkwọ na agba agba. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndị ahụ e kwuru n'elu dị n'elu dị ọnụ ala na-efu, ha nwere mmiri mmiri na-adịghị mma na mmiri solubility, na-eme ka o sie ike ime mgbanwe na mkpa nke ahịa mba ụwa na enwere ike ibupụ ya dị ka agba agba mbụ. Ya mere, n'ahịa ahịa nke mmiri na-esi na mmiri na-edozi mmiri, mmiri mmiri na mmiri na-edozi mmiri bụ ihe ndị dị mkpa ka a dozie ngwa ngwa, a ghaghị ịdabere na ihe mgbakwunye kwekọrọ.

Ọgwụ ịcha mmiri mmiri
N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ sara mbara, wetting bụ nnọchi nke mmiri mmiri (kwesịrị ịbụ gas) n'elu site na mmiri ọzọ. Kpọmkwem, ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ granular interface kwesịrị ịbụ gas / siri ike interface, na usoro nke wetting bụ mgbe mmiri mmiri (mmiri) dochie gas n'elu nke ahụ. Enwere ike ịhụ na wetting bụ usoro anụ ahụ n'etiti ihe ndị dị n'elu. Na agba agba mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị, wetting na-arụkarị ọrụ dị mkpa. N'ozuzu, a na-edozi ụcha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ siri ike, dị ka ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ granule, nke kwesịrị ka a na-ete ya n'oge eji. Ya mere, wettability nke agba ga-emetụta ozugbo mmetụta ngwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge usoro mgbasa ozi, agba agba na-esiri ike mmiri ma na-ese n'elu mmiri adịghị mma. Site na mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke ihe a na-achọ ka ịcha akwa taa, ịrụ ọrụ wetting abụrụla otu n'ime ihe na-egosi ịdị mma nke agba agba. The elu ike nke mmiri bụ 72.75mN / m na 20 ℃, nke mbelata na-abawanye nke okpomọkụ, mgbe elu ike nke solids bụ ihu ọma agbanweghị, n'ozuzu n'okpuru 100mN / m. Na-emekarị ọla na oxides ha, inorganic salts, wdg dị mfe mmiri mmiri, nke a na-akpọ elu elu ume. The elu ike nke siri ike organics na polymers bụ tụnyere nke izugbe liquids, nke a na-akpọ ala elu ume, ma ọ na-agbanwe na siri ike urughuru size na ogo nke porosity. The nta nke urughuru size, ukwuu n'ókè nke porous e guzobere, na elu The elu ike, size na-adabere na mkpụrụ. Ya mere, urughuru nha nke agba ga-adị ntakịrị. Mgbe a na-edozi agba ahụ site na nhazi azụmahịa dị ka salting na-egweri na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, nha nha nke agba na-adịwanye mma, kristal na-ebelata, na oge kristal na-agbanwe, nke na-eme ka ike dị elu nke agba na-eme ka mmiri dị ike.

Solubility ọgwụgwọ nke acid agba
Site na iji obere ịsa ahụ na teknụzụ ịcha akwa na-aga n'ihu, ogo nke akpaaka na ibipụta na ịcha akwa ka na-aga n'ihu. Mwepụta nke ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-akpaghị aka, na ntinye nke mmiri mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ na-achọ nkwadebe nke ihe ọṅụṅụ na-esi ísì ụtọ na nke dị elu na-adịgide adịgide na mpempe akwụkwọ. Otú ọ dị, solubility nke acidic, reactive na kpọmkwem e ji esiji ákwà n'ime ụlọ bụ naanị 100g / L, karịsịa maka acid esiji. Ụdị ụfọdụ dị ọbụna naanị ihe dịka 20g / L. Ihe solubility nke agba na-ejikọta ya na nhazi molekul nke agba agba. Ihe dị elu nke ịdị arọ molekụla na ole na ole sulfonic acid dị iche iche, na-ebelata solubility; ma ọ bụghị ya, nke dị elu. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nhazi azụmahịa nke agba agba dị oke mkpa, gụnyere usoro crystallization nke agba agba, ogo nke igwe ihe, nha nha, mgbakwunye nke ihe mgbakwunye, wdg, nke ga-emetụta solubility nke agba agba. Dị mfe ka agba agba bụ ionize, otú ahụ ka solubility ya na mmiri dị elu. Otú ọ dị, ịzụ ahịa na nhazi nke agba agba ọdịnala na-adabere n'ọtụtụ electrolytes, dị ka sodium sulfate na nnu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke Na + na mmiri na-ebelata ike nke agba na mmiri. Ya mere, iji melite solubility nke mmiri-soluble agba, mbụ etinyela electrolyte na ahịa agba agba.

Ihe mgbakwunye na solubility
⑴ Ngwakọta mmanya na-egbu egbu na urea cosolvent
N'ihi na agba na-soluble mmiri nwere ụfọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sulfonic acid otu na carboxylic acid otu, ihe e ji esiji ákwà na-adị mfe kewapụrụ na aqueous ngwọta na-ebu ụfọdụ ego na-adịghị mma. Mgbe agbakwunyere ihe mgbaze nke nwere njikọ njikọ hydrogen na-akpụkọ, a na-emepụta akwa mkpuchi nke ion hydrated n'elu ion nke agba mmiri, nke na-akwalite ionization na mgbasa nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-esiji iji meziwanye solubility. A na-ejikarị polyols dị ka diethylene glycol ether, thiodiethanol, polyethylene glycol, wdg eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbaze inyeaka maka agba agba mmiri na-agbaze. N'ihi na ha nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ hydrogen na agba agba, elu nke ion dye na-etolite mkpuchi nchebe nke ion hydrated, nke na-egbochi nchịkọta na intermolecular mmekọrịta nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri, ma na-akwalite ionization na dissociation nke agba.
⑵ Non-ionic surfactant
Ịgbakwunye ụfọdụ surfactant na-abụghị ionic na agba nwere ike ime ka ike ejikọta n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe na-esiji na n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe, mee ka ionization dịkwuo ngwa, ma mee ka ụmụ irighiri ihe na-esiji na-etolite micelles na mmiri, nke nwere ezigbo mgbasa. Polar agba agba na-etolite micelles. Mkpụrụ ndụ solubilizing na-etolite netwọk nke ndakọrịta n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe iji meziwanye solubility, dị ka polyoxyethylene ether ma ọ bụ ester. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na molecule co-solvent enweghị otu hydrophobic siri ike, mgbasa na mmetụta solubilization na micelle nke e ji esiji mee ga-esi ike, na solubility agaghị abawanye nke ukwuu. Ya mere, gbalịa ịhọrọ ihe mgbaze nwere mgbanaka aromatic nke nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ hydrophobic na agba agba. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, na ndị ọzọ dị ka polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ lignosulfonate dispersant
dispersant nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na solubility nke agba agba. Ịhọrọ onye na-ekesa nke ọma dị ka nhazi nke agba ahụ si dị ga-enyere aka mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma. N'ime agba agba mmiri na-agbaze, ọ na-arụ ọrụ ụfọdụ n'igbochi mgbasa ozi (van der Waals Force) na nchịkọta n'etiti ụmụ irighiri mmiri. Lignosulfonate bụ onye mgbasa ozi kachasị dị irè, enwere nyocha na nke a na China.
The molekụla Ọdịdị nke achụsasị agbaji adịghị nwere ike hydrophilic iche iche, ma ọ bụ naanị polar dị iche iche na-adịghị ike, n'ihi ya, ọ nwere naanị na-adịghị ike hydrophilicity, na n'ezie solubility dị nnọọ obere. Ọtụtụ ihe e ji esiji ákwà na-agbasa nwere ike ịgbaze na mmiri na 25 ℃. 1 ruo 10 mg / L.
Solubility nke agbasasị agbasasị na-emetụta ihe ndị a:
Ọdịdị Molecular
"Mkpụrụ nke ihe eji esiji agbasa na mmiri na-abawanye ka akụkụ hydrophobic nke molecule dye na-ebelata na akụkụ hydrophilic (ọdịmma na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke polar otu) na-abawanye. Ya bụ, solubility nke e ji esiji ákwà na dịtụ obere ikwu molekụla uka na ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ike pola otu dị ka -OH na -NH2 ga-adị elu. Ihe e ji esiji ákwà nwere nnukwu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na otu pola na-esighị ike na-enwe mmetụta dị ala. Ka ihe atụ, chụsasịrị Red (m), ya M = 321, na solubility bụ ihe na-erughị 0.1mg / L na 25 ℃, na solubility bụ 1.2mg / L na 80 ℃. Gbasaa Red (II), M = 352, solubility na 25 ℃ bụ 7.1mg / L, na solubility na 80 ℃ bụ 240mg / L.
na-ekesa
Na powdered achụsasị e ji esiji ákwà, ọdịnaya nke dị ọcha e ji esiji ákwà bụ n'ozuzu 40% ka 60%, na ndị ọzọ bụ dispersants, dustproof elekọta mmadụ, na-echebe mmadụ, sodium sulfate, wdg N'ime ha, dispersant akaụntụ maka a ibu nkezi.
Onye na-ekesa (onye na-ekesa mgbasa ozi) nwere ike kpuchie ọmarịcha kristal nke agba n'ime ụmụ irighiri hydrophilic colloidal ma fesaa ya nke ọma na mmiri. Mgbe a gafechara mkpokọta micelle dị oke egwu, a ga-etolitekwa micelles, nke ga-ebelata akụkụ nke obere ọka kristal agba agba. Agbazere na micelles, ihe a na-akpọ "solubilization" na-eme, si otú ahụ na-abawanye solubility nke agba. Ọzọkwa, ka mma nke onye na-ekesa ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma na ntinye uche dị elu, otú ahụ ka mmetụta solubilization na solubilization dịkwuo ukwuu.
Ekwesiri ighota na mmetụta solubilization nke dispersant na-agbasasị agbasasị nke ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche, na ọdịiche dị nnọọ ukwuu; mmetụta solubilization nke dispersant na agbasasị agbaji na-ebelata na mmụba nke mmiri ọkụ, nke bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka mmetụta nke mmiri okpomọkụ na-agbasasị agbasasị. Mmetụta nke solubility dị iche.
Mgbe kristal hydrophobic kristal nke agbasasị agbasa na-ekesa ụdị hydrophilic colloidal particles, ya dispersion nkwụsi ike ga-butere mma. Ọzọkwa, ihe ndị a na-esiji kolloidal na-arụ ọrụ nke "inye" agba agba n'oge usoro agba agba. N'ihi na mgbe eriri ahụ na-abanye n'ime ụmụ irighiri mmiri dị na steeti gbazere, a ga-ewepụta ihe eji esiji "echekwara" n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe colloidal ka oge na-aga iji nọgide na-enwe nguzozi mgbaze nke agba.
Ọnọdụ nke ịgbasa agba agba na mgbasa
1-na-ekesa molekul
2-kristal agba agba (solubilization)
3-ekesa misel
4-Dye otu molekul (gbasara)
5-Ọka esiji
6-nkesa lipophilic isi
7-nkesa hydrophilic base
8-sodium ion (Na+)
9-nchịkọta nke crystallites agba agba
Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na "njikọ" dị n'etiti agba na onye na-ekesa hiri nne, "nnọnye" nke otu molecule dye ga-ada n'azụ ma ọ bụ ihe omume nke "ọnye karịrị ihe achọrọ". Ya mere, ọ ga-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ agba agba ozugbo wee dozie pasentị agba agba, na-ebute agba agba ngwa ngwa na agba ọkụ.
Enwere ike ịhụ na mgbe ị na-ahọrọ ma na-eji ndị na-ekesa ihe, ọ bụghị nanị na a ga-atụle nkwụsi ike mgbasa nke agba, kamakwa mmetụta na agba nke agba.
(3) okpomọkụ ngwọta agba
Solubility nke agbasasị agbaji na mmiri na-abawanye na mmụba nke mmiri ọkụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, solubility nke Disperse Yellow na mmiri 80 Celsius bụ ugboro 18 na 25 Celsius. Solubility nke Dissperse Red na mmiri 80 Celsius bụ ugboro 33 na 25 Celsius. Solubility nke Disperse Blue na mmiri 80 Celsius bụ ugboro 37 na 25 Celsius. Ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ nke mmiri karịrị 100 Celsius C, solubility nke agbasasị akwa ga-abawanye ọbụna karịa.
Nke a bụ ihe ncheta pụrụ iche: ihe a na-agbaze nke agbasasị akwa ga-eweta ihe egwu zoro ezo na ngwa bara uru. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe mmanya na-acha odo odo na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, mmanya na-esiji esiji na okpomọkụ dị elu na-aga n'ebe okpomọkụ dị ntakịrị. Ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-ebelata, ihe ọṅụṅụ na-esiji esiji na-aghọ nke ukwuu, na agbaze agbaze ga-agbaze, na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi kristal na-esiji na-eto eto na mbelata nke solubility. , N'ihi na mbelata agba agba agba.
(anọ) ụdị kristal agba agba
Ụfọdụ ihe eji esiji achụsasị nwere ihe omume nke "isomorphism". Ya bụ, otu ihe na-esiji agbasasị, n'ihi teknụzụ mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na usoro mmepụta ihe, ga-emepụta ụdị kristal dị iche iche, dị ka agịga, mkpanaka, flakes, granules, na blocks. N'ime usoro ntinye, karịsịa mgbe ị na-esiji na 130 Celsius, ụdị kristal na-adịghị akwụsi ike ga-agbanwe gaa n'ụdị kristal kwụsiri ike.
Ọ dị mma ịmara na ụdị kristal kwụsiri ike na-enwe oke solubility, na ụdị kristal kwụsiri ike nwere obere solubility. Nke a ga-emetụta kpọmkwem ọnụego nnabata ihe na-esiji esiji na pasentị ịjiji.
(5) nha nha
N'ozuzu, e ji esiji ákwà na obere ahụ nwere nnukwu solubility na ezi nkwụsi ike mgbasa. Ejiji nwere nnukwu ahụ nwere obere solubility na dịtụ ogbenye mgbasa nkwụsi ike.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, urughuru size nke anụ ụlọ na-agbasasị agbachasị bụ n'ozuzu 0.5 ~ 2.0μm (Rịba ama: urughuru size nke itinye akwa na-achọ 0.5 ~ 1.0μm).