Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a: ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ na-elekwasị anya na njikọ kemịkalụ ọgwụ, ọgwụ ọgwụ na ọgwụ ndị China ọdịnala na-emepụta ọgwụ, na mmepụta nwere njirimara nke ngwaahịa dị iche iche, usoro mgbagwoju anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmepụta dị iche iche.
Mmiri mkpofu nke usoro ọgwụ na-emepụta nwere njiri mara oke mmetọ itinye uche, ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya, biodegradability na-adịghị mma na oke nsi nke ndu.
Ngwakọta kemịkalụ na gbaa ụka mmepụta mmiri ahịhịa bụ ihe siri ike na isi ihe dị na njikwa mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ.
Ngwakọta kemịkalụ mmiri mkpofu bụ nnukwu mmetọ a na-ewepụta n'oge mmepụta ọgwụ [2].
Enwere ike kewaa mmiri mkpofu ọgwụ n'ụzọ anọ [3], ya bụ mmiri mkpofu na mmiri nne n'usoro mmepụta;
Mmiri fọdụrụnụ na mgbake gụnyere ihe mgbaze, mmiri mmiri dị mkpa, ngwaahịa, wdg.
Usoro inyeaka drainage dị ka mmiri jụrụ oyi, wdg.
Akụrụngwa na ala na-ekpochapụ mmiri mkpofu;
nsị nke ụlọ.
Teknụzụ maka ọgwụgwọ nke mmiri mkpofu dị n'etiti ọgwụ
N'iburu n'uche njirimara nke mmiri mkpofu dị n'etiti ọgwụ dị ka COD dị elu, nitrogen dị elu, phosphorus dị elu, ọdịnaya nnu dị elu, chroma miri emi, ihe mgbagwoju anya na biodegradability na-adịghị mma, usoro ọgwụgwọ a na-ejikarị gụnyere ọgwụgwọ physicochemical na usoro ọgwụgwọ biochemical [6].
Dị ka ụdị dị iche iche nke àgwà mmiri mkpofu si dị, a ga-etinyekwa usoro dị iche iche dị ka njikọ nke usoro physicochemical na usoro ndu [7].
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1. Nkà na ụzụ ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ na kemịkal
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, usoro ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ na nke kemịkalụ bụ isi maka imepụta mmiri mkpofu ọgwụ gụnyere: usoro flotation gas, usoro ịgbado mmiri, usoro mgbasa ozi, ụzọ ntụgharị osmosis, usoro ọkụ ọkụ na usoro oxidation dị elu [8].
Na mgbakwunye, electrolysis na ụzọ mmiri ozuzo kemịkalụ, dị ka FE-C micro-electrolysis na MAP ụzọ mmiri ozuzo maka nitrogen na phosphorus, ka na-ejikarị na ọgwụgwọ nke etiti ọgwụ mmiri mkpofu.
1.1 Coagulation na usoro sedimentation
Usoro coagulation bụ usoro nke a na-agbanwe ihe ndị a kwụsịrị na colloidal n'ime mmiri na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ site n'ịgbakwụnye ihe ndị na-emepụta kemịkalụ wee gbakọta n'ime flocs ma ọ bụ flocs dị mfe ikewa.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ejikarị teknụzụ a eme ihe n'usoro ọgwụgwọ, ọgwụgwọ etiti na ọgwụgwọ dị elu nke mmiri mkpofu ọgwụ [10].
Nkà na ụzụ nke coagulation na sedimentation nwere uru nke nkà na ụzụ tozuru okè, ngwá ọrụ dị mfe, ọrụ kwụsiri ike na nhazi dị mma.
Otú ọ dị, a ga-enwe nnukwu sludge kemịkalụ nke a na-emepụta na usoro ntinye nke nkà na ụzụ a, nke ga-eduga na pH dị ala nke nsị na nnu dị elu nke mmiri mkpofu.
Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, teknụzụ coagulation na sedimentation enweghị ike iwepụ ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze na mmiri na-ekpofu n'ụzọ dị irè, ma ọ bụ na-ewepụ kpamkpam nsị na-emerụ ahụ na-emerụ ahụ na mmiri nsị.
1.2 Usoro mmiri ozuzo Chemical
Usoro mmiri ozuzo kemịkalụ bụ usoro kemịkalụ iji wepụ ihe ndị na-emetọ mmiri dị n'ime mmiri site na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ n'etiti ihe ndị na-agbaze kemịkalụ na ndị na-emetọ mmiri n'ime mmiri mkpofu iji mepụta nnu na-adịghị edozi, hydroxides ma ọ bụ ogige mgbagwoju anya.
Mmiri mmiri dị n'etiti ọgwụ na-enwekarị ụbara nke amonia nitrogen, phosphate na sulfate ion, wdg. Maka ụdị mmiri mkpofu a, a na-ejikarị usoro mmiri ozuzo kemịkal eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal iji hụ na arụ ọrụ nkịtị nke usoro ọgwụgwọ biochemical na-esote.
Dị ka nkà na ụzụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri ọdịnala, a na-ejikarị mmiri ozuzo na-eme ka mmiri dị nro dị nro.
N'ihi iji akụrụngwa kemịkalụ dị elu dị ọcha na usoro mmepụta nke mmiri ọgwụ etiti etiti ọgwụ, mmiri mkpofu na-enwekarị ụbara nke amonia nitrogen na phosphorus na mmetọ ndị ọzọ, iji magnesium ammonium phosphate usoro ọdịda kemịkalụ nwere ike wepu mmetọ abụọ ahụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Ka oge na-aga, enwere ike ịmegharị mmiri ozuzo magnesium ammonium phosphate nnu.
A na-akpọkwa usoro mmiri mmiri ọgwụ magnesium ammonium phosphate dị ka ụzọ struvite.
N'ime usoro mmepụta nke etiti ọgwụ, a na-ejikarị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke sulfuric acid eme ihe na ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ, na pH nke akụkụ a nke mmiri mkpofu nwere ike ịdị ala. Iji meziwanye uru pH nke mmiri mkpofu ma wepụ ụfọdụ ion sulfate n'otu oge ahụ, a na-ejikarị usoro ịgbakwunye CaO, nke a na-akpọ usoro mmiri ozuzo nke mmiri ozuzo ngwa ngwa.
1.3 adsorption
Ụkpụrụ nke iwepụ ihe ndị na-emetọ mmiri n'ime mmiri site na usoro mgbasa ozi na-ezo aka n'iji ihe siri ike na-eme ihe na-eme ka ihe ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ dị iche iche na-emetọ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, ka e wee wepụ ma ọ bụ megharịa ihe ndị na-emetọ mmiri na mmiri.
Mgbasa ozi a na-ejikarị eme ihe gụnyere dịka ash ufe, slag, carbon arụ ọrụ na resin adsorption, n'ime nke a na-ejikarị carbon arụ ọrụ.
1.4 ikuku flotation
Usoro nfe n'elu ikuku bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu ahịhịa nke a na-eji obere afụ agbasasị nke ukwuu dị ka ndị na-ebu ibu na-emepụta nrapanye na ihe ndị na-emetọ mmiri na mmiri. N'ihi na njupụta nke obere afụ na-arapara na mmetọ dị obere karịa nke mmiri ma na-ese n'elu, nkewa mmiri siri ike ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri-mmiri na-enweta.
Ụdị nfe n'elu ikuku na-agụnye mgbaze ikuku floatation, ikuku na-ese n'elu, electrolysis ikuku floatation na chemical ikuku floatation, wdg.
Usoro flotation nke ikuku nwere uru nke itinye ego dị ala, usoro dị mfe, mmezi dị mma na oriri ike dị ala, mana ọ nweghị ike iwepu ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze na mmiri mmiri.
1.5 electrolysis
Usoro electrolytic bụ iji ọrụ dị ugbu a masịrị, mepụta usoro mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, na-agbanwe ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ na mmiri mkpofu ma wepụ ya, ụkpụrụ mmeghachi omume nke usoro electrolytic mere na ngwọta electrolyte bụ site na ihe electrode na mmeghachi omume electrode, na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ. ecological oxygen na hydrogen [H] na mmiri mkpofu nke mmeghachi omume REDOX na-eme ka mkpochapụ mmetọ.
Usoro electrolysis nwere oke arụmọrụ yana ọrụ dị mfe na ọgwụgwọ mmiri. N'otu oge ahụ, usoro electrolysis nwere ike wepụ ihe ndị na-acha agba na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụzọ dị irè ma melite biodegradaability nke mmiri mkpofu nke ọma.
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2. Advanced oxidation technology
Teknụzụ oxidation dị elu, dị ka teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri ọhụrụ, nwere ọtụtụ uru, dị ka arụmọrụ dị elu nke mmebi nke mmetọ, mmebi nke ọma na oxidation nke mmetọ na enweghị mmetọ nke abụọ.
Nkà na ụzụ oxidation dị elu, nke a makwaara dị ka nkà na ụzụ oxidation miri emi, bụ nkà na ụzụ ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal nke na-eji oxidizer, ọkụ, ọkụ eletrik, ụda, magnetik na catalyst na-emepụta radicals free na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu (dị ka ·OH) iji weda ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe.
N'ihe gbasara ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ọgwụ, teknụzụ oxidation dị elu aghọọla ihe nyocha na nlebara anya buru ibu.
Teknụzụ oxidation dị elu na-agụnye oxidation electrochemical, chemical oxidation, ultrasonic oxidation, wet catalytic oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, composite catalytic oxidation, supercritical water oxidation na elu oxidation jikọtara technology.
Usoro oxidation nke kemịkalụ bụ iji ndị ọrụ kemịkalụ n'onwe ha ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nwere oxidation siri ike iji oxidize ihe ndị na-emetọ organic na mmiri mkpofu iji nweta ebumnuche nke iwepụ ihe mmetọ, ụzọ oxidation kemịkalụ gụnyere ozone oxidation, Fenton oxidation method na ud catalytic oxidation method.
2.1 Fenton oxidation usoro
Usoro oxidation Fenton bụ ụdị usoro oxidation dị elu nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a. Usoro a na-eji nnu ferric (Fe2 + ma ọ bụ Fe3 +) dị ka onye na-eme ka o nwee ike ịmepụta · OH na oxidation siri ike n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke ịgbakwunye H2O2, nke nwere ike inwe mmeghachi omume oxidation na ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ na-enweghị nhọrọ iji nweta mmebi na mineralization nke mmetọ.
Usoro a nwere ọtụtụ uru, gụnyere ọsọ mmeghachi omume ngwa ngwa, enweghị mmetọ nke abụọ na oxidation siri ike, wdg Fenton oxidation method na-ejikarị na ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ọgwụ n'ihi mmeghachi omume oxidation na-adịghị ahọrọ na usoro nke chemical oxidation na usoro nwere ike ibelata. toxicity nke mmiri mkpofu na njirimara ndị ọzọ.
2.2 Electrochemical oxidation usoro
Usoro oxidation electrochemical bụ iji electrode ihe na-emepụta superoxide free radical ·O2 na hydroxyl free radical ·OH, nke abụọ nwere nnukwu oxidation ọrụ, nwere ike oxidize organic okwu na mmiri mkpofu, wee nweta nzube nke iwepụ mmetọ.
Otú ọ dị, usoro a nwere njirimara nke oke ike oriri na ọnụ ahịa dị elu.
2.3 Photocatalytic oxidation
Photocatalytic oxidation bụ teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri, nke na-eji ihe ndị na-akpata catalytic (dị ka TiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, wdg) dị ka ndị na-ebu catalytic iji mepụta oxidation catalytic nke ọtụtụ n'ime mbenata mmetọ na mmiri ahịhịa, yabụ. iji mezuo ebumnuche nke iwepu ihe mmetọ.
N'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime ogige ndị dị n'ime mmiri mkpofu ọgwụ bụ ihe ndị nwere polar nwere otu acidic ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị na polar nwere otu alkaline, ihe ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike iweda ya ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na ìhè.
2.4 Oke oxidation mmiri
Mmiri oxidation mmiri dị elu (SCWO) bụ ụdị teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri nke na-ewere mmiri dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmiri ma na-eji njirimara pụrụ iche nke mmiri dị na steeti supercritical iji meziwanye ọnụego mmeghachi omume ma ghọta oxidation zuru oke nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.
2.5 Advanced oxidation jikọtara teknụzụ
Teknụzụ oxidation ọ bụla dị elu na-eji enwere oke nke ya, iji melite arụmọrụ nke ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu, a na-achịkọta usoro teknụzụ oxidation dị elu, jikọtara ọnụ nke teknụzụ oxidation dị elu, ma ọ bụ otu teknụzụ oxidation dị elu jikọtara ya na teknụzụ ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ nke ọhụrụ. nkà na ụzụ iji melite ikike nke oxidation na mmetụta ọgwụgwọ na izute mgbanwe àgwà mmiri na nnukwu klas ọgwụ mkpofu mmiri ọgwụgwọ.
UV-Fenton, UV-H2O2, UV-O3, ultrasonic photocatalysis, carbon photocatalysis na-arụ ọrụ, microwave photocatalysis na photocatalysis, wdg Ka ọ dị ugbu a, nkà na ụzụ nchikota ozone kacha mụọ bụ [36] :
Usoro carbon arụ ọrụ nke ozone, O3-H2O2 na UV-O3, site na mmetụta ọgwụgwọ nke mmiri mkpofu na ngwa injinia, O3-H2O2 na UV-O3 nwere ikike mmepe ka ukwuu.
Usoro nchikota Fenton a na-ahụkarị gụnyere usoro micro-electrolysis Fenton, usoro iron filings H2O2 usoro, photochemical Fenton usoro (dị ka anyanwụ Fenton usoro, UV-Fenton usoro, wdg), ma ọkụ Fenton usoro na-eji ọtụtụ ebe.
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3. Nkà na ụzụ ọgwụgwọ biochemical
Teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ biochemical bụ teknụzụ bụ isi na ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu, site na uto microbial, metabolism, mmeputakwa na usoro ndị ọzọ iji mebie ihe organic na mmiri mkpofu, nweta ume nke ha chọrọ ma nweta ebumnuche nke iwepu ihe organic.
3.1 Teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ ọrịa anaerobic
Teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ anaerobic bụ na enweghị ikuku oxygen gburugburu, ojiji nke nje bacteria anaerobic metabolism, site na usoro hydrolytic acidification, hydrogen mmepụta acetic acid na methane mmepụta na usoro ndị ọzọ iji tọghata macromolecules, siri ike iweda organic okwu n'ime CH4, CO2. , H2O na obere molekụla organic okwu.
Mmiri mkpofu ọgwụ sịntetịt na-enwekarị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri na-agbagharị agbagharị cyclic, nke a na-apụghị imebi ya ozugbo ma jiri ya mee ihe site na nje bacteria aerobic, ya mere teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ anaerobic ugbu a aghọwo ụzọ bụ isi n'ọhịa nke ọgwụgwọ mmiri mmiri ọgwụ n'ụlọ na ná mba ọzọ [43]. .
Teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ ọrịa anaerobic nwere ọtụtụ uru: usoro ọrụ reactor anaerobic adịghị mkpa inye ikuku, ike oriri dị ala;
Ibu organic nke mmiri anaerobic na-emetụta na-adịkarị elu.
Nri nri dị ala;
Mkpụrụ sludge nke anaerobic reactor dị ala, na sludge dị mfe ịkpọ nkụ.
Methane emepụtara na usoro anaerobic nwere ike megharịa ya ka ike.
Otú ọ dị, a pụghị ịwụpụ nsị anaerobic ruo ọkọlọtọ, ọ dịkwa mkpa ka a gwọọ ya site na ijikọta ya na usoro ndị ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ ọrịa anaerobic na-emetụta uru pH, okpomọkụ na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na mgbanwe ahụ buru ibu, a ga-emetụta mmeghachi omume anaerobic ozugbo, mgbe ahụ, a ga-emetụta àgwà nke ikuku.
3.2 Nkà na ụzụ ọgwụgwọ ndụ nke ikuku
Nkà na ụzụ ọgwụgwọ nke ikuku nke ikuku bụ nkà na ụzụ ọgwụgwọ ndụ nke na-eji oxidative decomposition na assimilation synthesis nke nje bacteria na-ewepụ ihe ndị na-emebi emebi. N'oge uto na metabolism nke ihe ndị dị ndụ aerobic, a ga-eme ọtụtụ ọmụmụ, nke ga-emepụta sludge ọhụrụ na-arụ ọrụ. A ga-ewepụ sludge arụ ọrụ ngafe site n'ụdị sludge fọdụrụnụ, a ga-ehichapụkwa mmiri mkpofu n'otu oge ahụ.

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