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Ndewo, onye a bụ onyeisi ụlọ ọrụ Athena nke ụlọ ọrụ Mit-ivy maka kemịkalụ na China.

Okwu Mmalite
Ịcha agba (agba) bụ akụkụ dị oke mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ dị mma, mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ịgba agba (agba) dabere na mmepe nke ihe ndị na-eso ya.

Mmepụta nke agba na ihe ndị na-eme ka agba dị na China etoola nke ukwuu kemgbe afọ 1950, ebe asọmpi siri ike n'ahịa na-arị elu, agba na ihe ndị na-eme ka agba dị na pigment abụrụla ihe ọhụrụ na teknụzụ mmepụta; ọganihu na mmepe nke ụdị ọhụrụ, usoro mmepụta ka mma, nyocha na ụzọ ọhụrụ, ojiji ọhụrụ nke ụdị ochie, nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, wdg, site na iji teknụzụ dị ọcha maka mmepụta nke agba na ihe ndị na-eme ka agba dị na pigment.

Nke mbụ, mmepe nke ojiji nke ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti
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N'eziokwu, mmepe nke ojiji nke intermediates nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ, otu etiti a na-eji na agba a na-akpọ dye intermediates, a na-ejikwa ya na ọgwụ nje, ọgwụ na a na-akpọ pesticides, ọgwụ intermediates. A ga-ewere intermediates dị ka alaka nke ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ dị mma n'ozuzu ya, ekwesighi ikewa ya nke ọma n'ime dyestuff intermediates, ọgwụ pesticides, ọgwụ intermediates site na ụlọ ọrụ, nke ga-ebelata oke ojiji nke ụfọdụ intermediates ma metụta mmepe ya.

Nnyocha dị mma nke ihe ndị dị n'etiti kemịkalụ dị iche iche na-egosi ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, na mgbakwunye na ụdị mmepụta ole na ole buru ibu karịsịa, ọtụtụ ụdị tonnage adịghị oke ibu, mana usoro nkwadebe na-adịkarị mgbagwoju anya, gụnyere ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume nkeji na usoro nkewa, mmepụta mekwara ka ọtụtụ "ihe mkpofu atọ" dị mkpa ka a na-ejikwa nke ọma. Ya mere, anyị kwesịrị itinye aka na nyocha usoro nke ngwaahịa usoro ma hazie mmepụta nke ihe ndị dị n'etiti iji nweta uru dị mma.

Site n'ọnọdụ mba ofesi, nnyocha na mmepụta nke ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti na-abụkarị ihe a na-etinye n'ọrụ nke ọma iji nweta mmepụta usoro, otu ngwa mmepụta nwere ike imepụta ọtụtụ ruo iri na abụọ ụdị ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti, nyocha na mmepụta dị otú ahụ site na mmepe zuru oke, iji teknụzụ ọhụrụ eme ihe dị mfe imezu, ga-enweta ihe nsonaazụ ya okpukpu abụọ site na ọkara mgbalị. Ọnọdụ Japan nwere ike ịbụ maka ntụaka anyị, mmepụta mbụ nke ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti na Japan gbasaara nke ukwuu, site na afọ 1960 abụrụla ugboro asaa iji gbanwee, lekwasị anya.

Site na mgbanwe na mmepe, ụlọ ọrụ agba na agba nke China erutela ọkwa dị elu n'ihe gbasara mmepụta, teknụzụ na ọkwa akụrụngwa, nke na-enweghị ike igbo mkpa nke mmepe nke agba na agba n'ime ụlọ ọrụ, kamakwa inye ndị mba ọzọ ihe mgbakwunye dị mma.

Ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị dị mkpa maka mmepụta ihe ndị dị n'etiti ihe na-esi na ngwaahịa mmanụ ala na coking pụta bụ ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị a, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone compounds, nakwa ụfọdụ heterocyclic compounds, na agba ndị e ji ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị a na-amụbawanye n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Na mgbakwunye, phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl usoro ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị a, ihe ndị a dị mgbagwoju anya e ji emepụta ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ, mgbe ahụ, iji ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị a na-emepụta ihe ga-abara uru ma zuru ụwa ọnụ.

Nke abụọ, mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ kachasị eji eme ihe nke ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti
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A ga-ahazi ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe n'ime agba (agba) ụlọ ọrụ etiti, mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ ndị a.

(1) mmeghachi omume sulfonation
(2) Mmeghachi omume Nitration
(3) mmeghachi omume halogenation
(4) Mbelata mmeghachi omume iji kwadebe amino
(5) Mmeghachi omume nke diazotization (na-esokarị mmeghachi omume njikọ)
(6) mmeghachi omume nke ngwakọta alkali iji dochie otu sulfonic acid ka ọ bụrụ hydroxyl
(7) Mmeghachi omume Acyliation
(8) Mmeghachi omume oxidation
(9) mmeghasị na mmeghachi omume carbonation
(10) Mmeghachi omume na-esi ísì ụtọ (karịsịa amino)
(11) mmeghachi omume nnọchi anya nke otu hydroxyl na amino
(12) mmeghachi omume hydroxyl ma ọ bụ amino hydrocarbonation

Dịka nhazi nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ, enwere ike kewaa ihe ndị dị n'ime ha n'ime usoro aliphatic, usoro benzene, usoro naphthalene, usoro anthraquinone, usoro heterocyclic na usoro mgbanaka dị arọ. Mba anyị nwere ike imepụta usoro benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, usoro heterocyclic, dị ka agba agba, ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe karịrị ụdị 400, iji mezuo mkpa mmepe nke agba agba na mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ agba.

Ụdị sistemu benzene dị iche iche bụ.

2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-aminoanisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline, 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, om-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, bianisidine, p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, o-, p-aminoanisole, DSD, wdg. N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-cyanoethyl-m-toluidine. m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl m-toluidine, p-toluidine, ethoxy aniline, 2-4-dimethyl aniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzanilide, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, m- na para-esters, wdg.

Ụdị naphthalene dị iche iche bụ isi.

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, tartaric acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4-acid oxygenate, J-acid, peri-acid, γ-acid, G-nnu, R-nnu, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, wdg. Ụdị anthraquinone ndị bụ isi bụ: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl anthraquinone bromine, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, wdg.

Isi ụdị sistemụ heterocyclic na sistemụ mgbanaka dị arọ bụ.

Melamine, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-amino thiazole, dehydrothio-p-toluidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, wdg.