Intermediates: Agba agba (pigment) etiti bụ ngalaba dị oke mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ mara mma. Mmepe nke ndị etiti na-akwado. Mmepụta China nke etiti maka ịjiji na pigmentị emebela nke ọma kemgbe 1950. N'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, mmepụta nke intermediates nke agba na pigmenti aghọwo ihe na-esiwanye ike, na e nwewo ihe ọhụrụ na nkà na ụzụ mmepụta ihe. Anyị enweela ọganihu n'ọtụtụ ebe, dị ka nyocha, ojiji ọhụrụ maka ụdị ochie na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ma nakweere usoro dị ọcha maka mmepụta nke agba na pigmenti intermediates. .

1
Mmepe nke iji intermediates

N'ezie, iji intermediates bụ mmepe dị iche iche, ụdị ụfọdụ nke etiti a na-eji agba agba a na-akpọ dye intermediates, na-eji na pesticides, pharmaceuticals, na ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọkwa pesticide, ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụ. Ekwesịrị ka a na-ewere ya dị ka alaka ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ dị mma n'ozuzu ya, e kwesịghị ịkewa ya n'ụzọ siri ike n'ime ndị na-agba agba, ndị na-emepụta ihe na-egbu egbu, ndị na-egbu egbu, ndị na-egbu egbu, ndị na-egbu egbu, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe. Ndị na-eme ihe na-egbu egbu, ndị na-egbu egbu, ndị na-egbu egbu, ndị na-egbu egbu, ndị na-egbu egbu, ndị na-egbu egbu, ndị na-egbu egbu, ndị na-egbu egbu, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe. ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti, ndị na-ahụ maka pesticide, ndị na-ahụ maka pesticide, ndị na-eme ihe na-egbu egbu, ndị na-emepụta ọgwụ na-emepụta ọgwụ, nke ga-ebelata oke ojiji nke ụfọdụ ndị na-eme ihe na-emetụta mmepe ha.

Ezi chemical intermediates nnyocha e ji a dịgasị iche iche, ma e wezụga ole na ole iche nke mmepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ karịsịa nnukwu, ọtụtụ iche tonnage na-adịghị nnọọ nnukwu, ma nkwadebe usoro bụ mgbe ọzọ mgbagwoju, gụnyere ọtụtụ unit Jeremaya mere na separations, na na mmepụta nke nnukwu ego nke "ihe mkpofu atọ" kwesịrị ka edozi ya nke ọma. Ya mere, anyị kwesịrị itinye aka na nyocha usoro ngwaahịa ngwaahịa, nzukọ ezi uche dị na ya nke ndị etiti iji nweta arụmọrụ mmepụta ihe dị mma.

Site na ọnọdụ mba ọzọ, nchọpụta na mmepụta nke ndị etiti na-emekarị ka a na-etinye uche nke ọma iji nweta mmepụta usoro. ole na ole na iri na abuo iche nke intermediates, dị otú ahụ nnyocha na mmepụta dị mfe iji mejuputa site n'ozuzu mmepe na nkuchi nke teknụzụ ọhụrụ. Anyị ga-enweta nsonaazụ ugboro abụọ na ọkara mgbalị. Anyị nwere ike na-ezo aka na ọnọdụ dị na Japan, ebe mmepụta nke intermediates na-adị nnọọ decentralized, malite na 1960. E meziwo ya ma tinye uche ya ugboro asaa.

Site mgbanwe na mmepe, China si esiji na pigmenti intermediates ụlọ ọrụ eruwo a elu larịị n'usoro nke mmepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ, nkà na ụzụ na ngwá larịị, nke nwere ike ọ bụghị nanị izute mkpa nke anụ ụlọ na agba na pigmenti ụlọ ọrụ mmepe, ma na-enye ndị ọzọ àgwà intermediates ngwaahịa maka. mba ofesi.

A na-enweta akụrụngwa achọrọ maka synthesizing intermediates nke sitere na ngwaahịa mmanụ ala na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ coking, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene, na naphthalene. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị a kwadebere site na heterocyclic intermediates na-arị elu. Ke adianade do, phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl usoro ogige, ndị a mgbagwoju ngwaọrụ etinyere na mmepụta nke dyestuff. Ojiji nke akụrụngwa sịntetik ga-agbasawanye ma bụrụ nke a na-ahụkarị.

2
Mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ndị etiti

Mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ a na-ejikarị ahazi akụrụngwa n'ime etiti maka ụlọ ọrụ agba agba (pigment) bụ ndị a.

(1) mmeghachi omume sulfonation
(2) Mmeghachi omume nitrification
(3) mmeghachi omume halogenation
(4) Mbelata mmeghachi omume iji kwadebe amino
(5) Mmeghachi omume diazotization (na-esokarị mmeghachi omume njikọta)
(6) Dochie otu sulfonic acid n'ime otu hydroxyl site na mmeghachi omume alkali-agbaze
(7) Mmeghachi omume acetylation
(8) Mmeghachi omume oxidation
(9) Ntughari na mmeghachi omume carbonation
(10) Mmeghachi omume aromatization (karịsịa amino)
(11) Mmeghachi omume mgbanwe nke hydroxyl na amino dị iche iche
(12) Hydroxylation nke hydroxyl ma ọ bụ amino dị iche iche

Dịka usoro mgbanaka aromatic nke ezigbo kemịkalụ kemịkalụ dị mma, enwere ike kewaa ha n'ime aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic na oke. Usoro mgbanaka. Obodo anyị nwere ike ịmepụta ihe karịrị 400 ụdị benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic na ndị ọzọ intermediates nke agba na pigmenti, nke nwere ike ihu ọma izute chọrọ nke Dyeing na pigmenti ụlọ ọrụ mkpa mmepe.

3
Isi ụdị benzene usoro

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N -ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine , N, N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m- toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide. methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide. Aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-midemethyl-aminobenzamide. 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N, N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5 -trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline. , 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2 ,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4 ,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, wdg.

4
Isi ụdị nke naphthalene intermediates

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 acid oxygens. J-acid, peri-acid, gamma-acid, G-nnu, R-nnu, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene. , 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid na na. Anthraquinone intermediates gụnyere: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, wdg. ,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, wdg.

5
Nnukwu heterocyclic na nnukwu cyclic ụdị

Cyanuric chloride, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpydo. -cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano -4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4 -methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl. -6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6 -hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride,! tetracarboxylic anhydride, wdg.