Ndị Na-eme Ka Agba Dị n'etiti: Ndị Na-eme Ka Agba Dị n'etiti (pigment) bụ ngalaba dị oke mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ dị mma. Mmepe nke ndị na-akwado ya. Mmepụta ndị na-eme ka agba dị n'etiti China maka agba na pigment etoola nke ukwuu kemgbe afọ 1950. N'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, mmepụta nke ndị na-eme ka agba dị n'etiti na pigment aghọọla ihe siri ike karị, e nwekwara ihe ọhụrụ na teknụzụ mmepụta. Anyị emeela ihe ọhụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe, dịka nyocha, ojiji ọhụrụ maka ụdị ochie na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, anyị ewerewokwa usoro dị ọcha maka mmepụta nke ndị na-eme ka agba dị n'etiti na pigment.

1
Mmepe nke ojiji nke ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti

N'eziokwu, ojiji nke ihe ndị dị n'etiti bụ mmepe dị iche iche, ụdị ụfọdụ nke ihe ndị dị n'etiti eji agba agba a na-akpọ agba intermediates, a na-ejikwa ya na ọgwụ nje, ọgwụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọkwa ya ọgwụ nje, ọgwụ intermediates. E kwesịrị iwere ya dị ka alaka nke ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ dị mma n'ozuzu ya, ekwesighi ikewa ya n'ụzọ siri ike n'ime ihe ndị dị n'etiti agba, ihe ndị dị n'etiti pesticides ...

Nnyocha dị mma nke ihe ndị dị n'etiti kemịkalụ dị iche iche na-egosi ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche, ma e wezụga ụdị mmepụta ole na ole buru ibu karịsịa, ọtụtụ ụdị tonnage adịghị oke ibu, mana usoro nkwadebe na-adịkarị mgbagwoju anya, na-agụnye ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume nkeji na nkewa, yana mmepụta nke nnukwu ego nke "ihe mkpofu atọ" kwesịrị ijikwa nke ọma. Ya mere, anyị kwesịrị itinye aka na nyocha usoro ngwaahịa, nhazi ezi uche dị na ya nke ihe ndị dị n'etiti iji nweta arụmọrụ mmepụta dị mma.

Site n'ọnọdụ mba ọzọ, a na-ejikarị nnyocha na mmepụta nke ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti eme ihe nke ọma iji nweta mmepụta usoro. Site na ụdị ole na ole ruo iri na abụọ nke ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti eme ihe, ọ dị mfe ime nnyocha na mmepụta dị otú ahụ site na mmepe zuru oke na ịnakwere teknụzụ ọhụrụ. Anyị ga-enweta ihe ga-esi na ya pụta okpukpu abụọ site na ọkara mgbalị. Anyị nwere ike ikwu maka ọnọdụ dị na Japan, ebe mmepụta nke ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti na-abụkarị nke a na-ekewaghị ekewa, malite na 1960s. A gbanweela ma tinye ya ugboro asaa.

Site na mgbanwe na mmepe, ụlọ ọrụ agba na pigment dị na China erutela ọkwa dị elu n'ihe gbasara mmepụta, teknụzụ na ọkwa akụrụngwa, nke na-enweghị ike igbo mkpa nke agba ụlọ na mmepe ụlọ ọrụ pigment, kamakwa inye ngwaahịa intermediates dị mma maka mba ofesi.

A na-enweta ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị dị mkpa maka imepụta ihe ndị dị n'ime ala site na ngwaahịa mmanụ ala na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ coking, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene, na naphthalene. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, agba ndị e ji ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke e ji heterocyclic mee na-amụbawanye. Na mgbakwunye, phenanthrene, pyridine, oxygen fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl usoro compounds, ihe ndị a dị mgbagwoju anya e ji emepụta ihe ndị dị n'ime ala. Ojiji nke ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ga-aghọ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma na-ewu ewu.

2
Mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ kachasị eji eme ihe maka ndị na-eme ihe n'etiti

Mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ kachasị eji agwakọta ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe n'ime ihe ndị dị n'etiti maka ụlọ ọrụ na-agba agba (pigment) bụ ndị a.

(1) Mmeghachi omume nke sulfonation
(2) Mmeghachi omume nitrification
(3) Mmeghachi omume Halogenation
(4) Mbelata mmeghachi omume iji kwadebe amino
(5) Mmeghachi omume nke diazotization (na-esokarị mmeghachi omume njikọ)
(6) Mgbanwe nke otu sulfonic acid n'ime otu hydroxyl site na mmeghachi omume alkali-agbaze
(7) Mmeghachi omume acetylation
(8) Mmeghachi omume oxidation
(9) Mmeghachi omume nke mkpokọta na carbonation
(10) Mmeghachi omume na-esi ísì ụtọ (karịsịa amino)
(11) Mmeghachi omume nke hydroxyl na otu amino nwere ike ịgbanwe agbanwe
(12) Hydroxylation nke hydroxyl ma ọ bụ otu amino

Dịka usoro ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nke ihe ndị dị n'ime kemịkalụ dị mma si dị, enwere ike kewaa ha n'ime aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic na dense. Sistemụ mgbanaka. Mba anyị nwere ike imepụta ihe karịrị ụdị benzene 400, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'etiti agba na agba, nke nwere ike imezu ihe achọrọ maka mmepe ụlọ ọrụ agba na agba.

3
Ụdị dị iche iche nke sistemu benzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, ... 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, wdg.

4
Ụdị isi nke naphthalene intermediates

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 acid oxygens. J-acid, peri-acid, gamma-acid, G-nnu, R-nnu, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid na ndị ọzọ. Ihe ndị dị n'etiti Anthraquinone gụnyere: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, wdg. Anthraquinone, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, wdg.

5
Ụdị heterocyclic na nke dị oke njọ

Cyanuric chloride, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, wdg.