MIT-Ivy Industry bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ na kemịkalụ nke na-ejikọta mmepụta, ire ere na nnyocha sayensị. Site na akụrụngwa mmepụta dị elu na teknụzụ mmepụta, anyị na-enwe mmekọrịta dị mma na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha sayensị na mahadum buru ibu na ọkara. Anyị na-etinye aka na mmepụta na ire nke usoro ọgwụ etiti, ọkachasị n'ọgwụgwọ nke ọgwụ mgbochi AIDS, ọgwụ obi na ụbụrụ, yana nkwado nke ọgwụ mgbochi mkpali. A na-ere ngwaahịa sodium azide, triphenyl chloromethane, L-valine methyl ester hydrochloride n'ụlọ na mba ofesi.1. Mmalite nke ọgwụ etiti. Ọgwụ etiti na-ezo aka na ngwaahịa etiti dị ka ihe eji emepụta, ihe na ihe mgbakwunye eji emepụta ngwaahịa ọgwụ. N'ezie, ha bụ ụfọdụ ihe eji emepụta kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa kemịkalụ n'usoro mmepụta ọgwụ. Foto Ndị na-emepụta ọgwụ nkeonwe na ihe ọgwụ na-arụ ọrụ kwesịrị ịnakwere asambodo GMP. Ọgwụ etiti, ọ bụ ezie na ejiri ya na mmepụta ọgwụ, bụ naanị njikọta na mmepụta nke ihe kemịkalụ. Ha bụ ngwaahịa kachasị dị mfe na nke kachasị ala n'usoro mmepụta ọgwụ, a pụghịkwa ịkpọ ha ọgwụ, yabụ a chọghị asambodo GMP. Enwere ike imepụta ọgwụ etiti n'ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal nkịtị ma enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ọgwụ n'ọkwa ụfọdụ. Nke a na-ebelatakwa oke ntinye nke ụlọ ọrụ maka ndị nrụpụta etiti. Foto a bụ nke abụọ. Oke nke ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ etiti Site na mgbanwe nke nhazi ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, mbufe mmepụta mba ụwa na mmezi nke ngalaba ọrụ mba ụwa nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ mba dị iche iche, China aghọọla isi ihe dị mkpa na ngalaba ọrụ mba ụwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ. Dịka akụkọ nyocha banyere mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ etiti China (2016) si kwuo, site na 2011 ruo 2015, ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ etiti China na uru mmepụta ya niile mụbara kwa afọ, yana ọnụego uto kwa afọ nke ihe dị ka 13.5%. N'ime ha, mkpokọta uru mmepụta nke ndị na-emepụta ọgwụ etiti na China ruru ijeri yuan 422.56 na 2015, mmụba nke 9.88% kwa afọ. Mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ ruru nde tọn 17.2, mmụba nke pasent 10.26 kwa afọ. Uru mmepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ etiti na China ga-adị nso otu ijeri yuan ka ọ na-erule 2020. Foto a bụ 3. Njirimara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ndị na-etinye ọgwụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ a chọrọ ngwa ngwa maka imeziwanye na imeziwanye: Ọkwa teknụzụ zuru oke nke China ka dị obere, ọ dịkwa obere ụlọ ọrụ ole na ole na-emepụta ọtụtụ ndị na-etinye ọgwụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ndị na-akwado ọgwụ ọhụrụ nwere ikike, ndị nọ n'ọkwa mmepe nke imeziwanye na imeziwanye usoro ngwaahịa. Naanị ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ime nnyocha na mmepe siri ike, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị elu na ahụmịhe mmepụta buru ibu nwere ike inweta uru dị elu na asọmpi ahụ. Azụmahịa siri ike: Ndị na-emepụta ihe buru ibu na-ewere mmepụta ahaziri ahazi dị ka ụdị azụmaahịa ha bụ isi. N'okpuru ụdị mmepụta ahaziri ahazi, mmekọrịta mmekorita dị n'etiti ndị ahịa ukwu na ndị na-ebubata ngwaahịa na-adịgide adịgide, na ka mmekorita ahụ si dịkwuo nso, otú ahụ ka ntụkwasị obi dị elu, na ka ụdị mmekorita nke ndị ahịa ukwu na-enye ga-adịkwu mma. Ọ na-ewe ogologo oge ịgbanwe ndị na-ebubata ngwaahịa. Ya mere, dịka azụmaahịa nwere nrapara siri ike, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ọgwụ na-elekwasị anya na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ mba ofesi a ma ama n'oge a. Ozugbo ụlọ ọrụ ahụ banyere na sistemụ ndị na-ebubata ọgwụ nke ndị isi, ma nha mmepụta na uru zuru oke nọgidere na-enwe ọnọdụ kwụsiri ike. Mbupụ dị ala karịsịa: mpaghara mbupụ nke ndị na-ebubata ọgwụ na China bụ EU, North America, Middle East, Southeast Asia, wdg. Mbupụ nke mba anyị lekwasịrị anya na vitamin C, penicillin, acetaminophen, citric acid na nnu na esters ya, dị ka ngwaahịa, njirimara nke ngwaahịa bụ mmepụta ngwaahịa, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta, asọmpi ahịa siri ike, ọnụahịa ngwaahịa na uru agbakwunyere dị ala, mmepụta oke ha mere ka ahịa ọgwụ dị n'ime ụlọ ahịa na-enye oke. Ngwaahịa teknụzụ ka na-ebubatakarị. Obere na ọkara ụlọ ọrụ: ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta bụ ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe, ọrụ mgbanwe, nha itinye ego abụghị nnukwu, n'etiti nde ruo nde yuan iri ma ọ bụ iri abụọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mpaghara: nkesa mpaghara nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta na-elekwasị anya, gburugburu ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ dị mkpa, nke a na-ekesakarị na Taizhou, Zhejiang na Jintan, Jiangsu dị ka etiti mpaghara ahụ. Zhejiang Huangyan, Taizhou, Nanjing Jintan, Shijiazhuang, Jinan (gụnyere Zibo), ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ (Siping, Fushun) na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nwere ọnọdụ dị mma maka mmepe nke ọgwụ etiti etolitela ngwa ngwa. Mmelite ngwa ngwa ngwaahịa: ngwaahịa na-adịkarị n'ahịa afọ 3 ruo 5 ka e mesịrị, ọnụego uru ya ga-ada nke ukwuu, nke na-amanye ụlọ ọrụ ka ha na-emepụta ngwaahịa ọhụrụ mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na-emeziwanye usoro mmepụta mgbe niile, iji nọgide na-enwe uru mmepụta dị elu. Asọmpi siri ike: n'ihi na uru mmepụta nke ọgwụ etiti dị elu karịa nke ngwaahịa kemịkalụ, usoro mmepụta nke abụọ ahụ bụ otu ihe ahụ, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ pere mpe na-esonyere mmepụta nke ọgwụ etiti, na-eduga na asọmpi siri ike na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.4. Ụdị ọgwụ etiti Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ etiti, gụnyere cephalosporin intermediates, amino acid protectant series, vitamin intermediates, quinolone intermediates, na ụdị ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, dịka ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, ọgwụ etiti ọgwụ mgbochi epileptic, fluoropyridine intermediates, steroid pharmaceutical intermediates, wdg. Dịka ubi ojiji ha si dị, enwere ike kewaa ha n'ime ọgwụ mgbochi nje, ọgwụ mgbochi na analgesic intermediates, ọgwụ etiti usoro obi, ọgwụ mgbochi kansa na ndị ọzọ. Ugbu a, enwere ihe dị ka narị narị ngwaahịa ọgwụ etiti, ma na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ mgbe niile, na-emepụta ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ molekul dị mma na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ etiti. Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị ọgwụ etiti kpọmkwem. Dịka imidazole, furan, phenolic intermediates, aromatic intermediates, pyrrole, pyridine, biochemical reagents, sulfur, nitrogen, halogen compounds, heterocyclic compounds, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, mannitol, lactose, dextrin, ethylene glycol, shuga ntụ ntụ, nnu inorganic, ethanol intermediates, stearic acid, amino acid na ethanol amine nnu, sylvite, nnu sodium na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ na ihe ndị ọzọ. Foto a bụ nke ise. Patent Cliff Kemgbe afọ 2000, ahịa generics zuru ụwa ọnụ anọgidewo na-eto ngwa ngwa karịa ahịa ọgwụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-eto ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ karịa ọgwụ ndị nwere patent. A na-atụ anya na ahịa ọgwụ generic zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-eru ijeri $180 na 2013, a na-atụkwa anya na CAGR nke ahịa ọgwụ generic zuru ụwa ọnụ site na 2005 ruo 2013 ga-eru 14.7%. A na-atụ anya na ahịa generics zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-eto site na 10% ruo 14% n'ime afọ ise sochirinụ, ngwa ngwa karịa uto 4% ruo 6% a tụrụ anya ya maka ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ niile. A pụrụ ikwu na mmepe nke ahịa ọgwụ generic ga-akwalite mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ etiti. Site na 2010 ruo 2020, ahịa ọgwụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-ebute ebili mmiri nke njedebe Patent, n'etiti ha, site na 2013 ruo 2020, ụdị njedebe Patent zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-adị ihe karịrị 200 kwa afọ, nke a maara dị ka "Patent Cliff" n'ụwa. Na 2014, a ga-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ọgwụ patent. Ọgwụgwụ, nke ga-enwe oke kachasị elu na 2014, yana ngụkọta nke ọgwụ ikike ikike 326 na-agwụ. 2010 na 2017 bụ afọ abụọ kachasị elu, yana ọgwụ ikike ikike 205 na 242 na-agwụ n'otu n'otu. Ọgwụ ndị agwụla bụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, endocrine, sistemụ akwara na ọgwụ obi, yana nnukwu nha ahịa. Ọgwụ ikike ikike mba ọzọ ga-eweta ihe mkpali ọhụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ etiti na China. N'ihi na mgbe ọgwụ ikike ikike gwụchara, mmepụta nke ọgwụ nkịtị ndị metụtara ya ga-agbawa agbawa, nke ga-eme ka ọchịchọ maka ọgwụ etiti metụtara ya too ngwa ngwa. Foto 6. Nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi China abụrụlarị nnukwu onye na-ebupụ ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'etiti API, yana nnukwu ihe na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime ya ghara ịdị irè. Ndị na-emepụta ọgwụ n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ dị mma, enwere ihe egwu mmetọ kwekọrọ na ya. Dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere na Ministry of Environmental Protection si kwuo, uru mmepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ n'ime obodo erughị pasent 3 nke GDP mba ahụ, mana mkpokọta ikuku mmetọ ruru pasent 6. N'ime ụdị ọgwụ niile, API nke vitamin na penicillin na-anọchite anya ya bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nke mmetọ dị elu na oke oriri ike, nke na-emetọ ikuku na mmiri nke ukwuu. Dịka ntinye aka nke Ministry of Environmental Protection si dị, na Febụwarị 15, 2017, ndị otu nyocha pụrụ iche maka ịdị mma ikuku na nkeji mbụ nke 2017 kwupụtara na nrụgide na Shijiazhuang adịghị, gọọmentị ọkwa mpaghara ka dabere na ndị ọrụ Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na mmejuputa atụmatụ mberede ihu igwe mmetọ dị arọ, ebe ngalaba ndị ọzọ etinyeghị aka na oke dị elu. Mmetọ nke obere na ọkara ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'etiti ọgwụ na Shijiazhuang bụ siri ike. Ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ nwere teknụzụ azụ ga-ebu oke ụgwọ njikwa mmetọ na nrụgide iwu, ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ ọdịnala na-emepụta mmetọ dị elu, oke oriri ike na ngwaahịa agbakwunyere obere uru (dịka penicillin, vitamin, wdg) ga-eche ihu mwepụ ngwa ngwa. Ịgbaso usoro mmepụta ihe ọhụrụ na mmepe teknụzụ ọgwụ ndụ ndụ aghọwo ụzọ mmepe n'ọdịnihu nke ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ etiti. Foto a
7. Ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ
ụlọ ọrụ mit-ivy
Zhejiang NHU Company Ltd. Plo Co., Ltd
Lianhe Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. Anhui Bayi Chemical Co. Ltd. Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Zhejiang Hisoar Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Jiujiu Technology Co., Ltd. Federal pharmaceutical (chengdu) co., LTD. Zhejiang Yongtai Technology Co., Ltd. Suzhou Tianma Specialty Chemicals Co., Ltd.